植物营养与肥料学报2013，19(2)：259-273 Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science
doi: 10. 11674/zwyf.2013.0201
保障我国粮食安全的肥料问题
朱兆良"，金继运2
（1中国科学院南京土壤研究所，南京210008；2中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所，北京100081）因此用好肥料资源、提高肥料利用效率是关系到国家粮食安全和环境质量的重大科技问题。本文实事求是地分析了我国人多、地少、耕地质量差、农田生态环境脆弱的基本国情和肥料领域面临的严重挑战；对国家种植业发展对肥料的需求，有机养分和化肥利用现状和问题、农田中化学氮肥的损失及其对环境的影响等间题进行了较为全面地综述；提出了"区域用量控制与田块微调相结合"的推荐施肥的理念和技术路线；形成和发展了适合分散经营和规模经营的分区养分管理和精准施肥技术体系；同时对新型肥料和有机养分资源在我国研究应用的现状和存在的间题进行了分析评述。在此基础上，提出了提高耕地综合生产能力、依靠科技进步高效利用肥料资源、按照增产潜力做好施肥区域布局等技术政策，建议针对肥料科学技术的发展形成稳定的政策支持和保障。
关键词：粮食安全；肥料资源；肥料利用率；氮肥损失；环境质量；区域推荐施肥；精准施肥；缓控释肥；
有机肥料
中图分类号：S14-13
文献标识码：A
文章编号：1008505X(2013)02025915
FertilizeruseandfoodsecurityinChina
ZHU Zhao-liang', JIN Ji-yun
(I Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; 2 Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Bejing 10008], China)
Abstract: Fertilizer use plays an important role in crop production to ensure food security in China. At the same time, the relatively low nutrient use efficiency resulted in negative impact on environment quality. Therefore, scientific use of nutrient resources and improvement in fertilizer use efficiency is an important scientific issue rated to national food security and environment quality. This review paper discussed China's basic situation with large population, limited arable land, relatively low land productivity and fragile ecosystem, analyzed fertilizer demand to meet the rapid increase in crop production, overviewed current use of organic and inorganic nutrient resources, and revealed N loss from chemical fertilizer application and its impact on environment. Based on deep understanding of the existing problems and great challenge China is facing, the authors proposed a new fertilizer recommendation strategy-"regional fertilizer rate control with adjustment at field level", developed regionalized nutrient management for small size farm operation system and precision fertilization for large scale farm operation. The current situation and existing problems in slow/controlled release fertilizers and in organic nutrient resources were also discussed. aeaaaesoanseaen strategy was proposed, including increase of land productivity, improvement of all nutrient resources using advanced science and technology, realization of regionalized fertilizer recommendation based on land productivity. Favorable policies and continuous financial support to fertilizer related science and technology development was also suggested.
Key words: food security; fertilizer resources; fertilizer use efficiency; nitrogen losses; environment quality;
regionalized ferilization; precision fertilization; slow/controlled release fertilizer; organic fertilizer
接受日期：2013-0205
收稿日期：2013-01-30
作者简介：宋兆良（1932一)，男，浙江省率化市人，中国科学院院士，主要从事土壤及植物营养方面的研究工作。E-mail：zlzhu@issas.ac.en 万方数据